Significance of Innovation and Change in Business Enterprises Essay

Significance of Innovation and Change in Business Enterprises - Essay Example Governments have therefore, successfully tackled this problem by issuing out adequate funds for various projects being undertaken within the country. An example of these projects includes promoting the number of those doctoral students pursuing different certificates in different countries (Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 2006, p. 101). This encourages the number of students who are graduating from various institutions; therefore, the governments are assured of their investments in a brighter economic future because of the available skills within the country. In addition, the government has also invested heavily in funding for innovative ideas which in-turn lead to proven theories and applications within countries. These ideas are always central towards various fields like technology and also solving major global problems like health issues across the globe (Von Stamm & Trifilova, 2009, p. 125). Significance of Innovation and Change in Business Enterprises In their attempts to promote innovation and change, most governments are fostering private sector expansion because of the growing markets complexities. Industrial growth in countries is stirred by the innovations started by private sector industrial developments and this is significant in the expansion of industrial development within countries. Most developed worlds have promoted industrial development by increasing the funds directed towards these sectors to help in strengthening them to effectively contribute in economic development. However, in privatized industries, government takes caution for innovation not to cloud the interest of their consumers and nations y introducing various policies which protect these parties from inefficiencies caused by greedy monopolies that are out to maximize on their profit proceeds (Great Britain. 2011, p. 42). This technique has proved viable in countries like Angola, Rwanda, and Colombia that are still struggling to develop their infrastructure s. Various governments have also promoted innovations in their countries by developing entrepreneurial capability. This has been common amongst developing nations who are desperate in securing their economic growth. Due to international standards, governments are encouraging different forms of innovations and change into their fields like technology, manufacturing amongst other services and production procedures. They have supported strong institutional base departments and programs, which encourages the various productions processes present in industries to emphasize on the need for adoption of innovations within their countries. This has also proved to be effective in the management of change and innovation because of its continuity in adopting and diversifying resources. The government also promotes innovations and change through the various measures they take to enhance global trade. Innovation is a key necessity for many industries wishing to participate in global trade. Theref ore, most

Is Qatar Economy Favorable for Capital Investment Essay

Is Qatar Economy Favorable for Capital Investment - Essay Example Oil and Gas are potential products and the two products cover half of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The country earns substantial revenues from exporting oil and gas to many countries of the world. The country is progressing for many years due to increasing prices of oil and gas in the international market. Oil and gas are the tools that have provided high per capita income in the country. The country has a low rate of unemployment that indicates the strong economic position of the country. The country has nearly 25 billion barrels of oil and around 25 trillion cubic meters gas reserves that could be utilized by the country for more than 57 years in future. Qatar economy is represented as a stable economy due to its cautious macroeconomic management and natural resources (Qatar Economy Profile 2014, 2014). The country has practiced tight fiscal policy in the period of 2002-2008 when revenues were mainly generated from oil and gas products. The new projects of Qatar are indicating high growth in the economy such as Qatar’s metro system, light rail system and changing the infrastructure of the country in near future. The country has inflation so to control it the country adopts tight monetary and fiscal policy. The country has an advantage of a low unemployment rate that indicates that tight economic policies are preferred by the country to reduce inflation and retain its economic growth. It is expected that the budget of 2014-2015 will be surplus of 24 billion dollars because of high prices of oil. The monetary and fiscal management is practiced by the government on account of the country’s current economic position (Nafi, 2014). Oil and gas cover approximately half of the GDP of the economy. The energy resources that contribute over 50 percent of the total GDP are potential resources of the economy that will p0rovid much revenue in future.  

Long-term Effects of Chernobyl

Long-term Effects of Chernobyl Abstract Chernobyl was a city in Ukraine that housed one of the most tragic nuclear power plant accidents in history. It happened 30 years ago, however, the effects are still felt by many. This paper will explore the long term effects that Chernobyl left behind. Today, the city is still sectioned off from the rest of the country in an effort to help protect people from the ongoing radiation exposure. Clean up workers and anyone living nearby are at risk for life-long chronic diseases, some of which are not curable at the present time. These diseases or illnesses include cataracts, cardiovascular disease, psychological effects, birth defects, papillary thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Other effects include a contaminated agricultural and water system. The Effects that Chernobyl Left Behind The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was one of the most important forms of power in Ukraine and the surrounding areas. It housed 4 nuclear reactors, each of which have been shut down over the years. One particular reactor, number 4, had undergone a test that went awry. On April 26, 1986 one of the worst nuclear power plant accidents occurred at Chernobyl. The personnel controlling these reactors were not following correct operating protocol, which led to the disaster. The reactors were highly unstable and not designed to operate at low power. If the reactors lost water for cooling, nuclear chain reactions occurred more frequently and the power output increased causing a power surge, in turn heating the reactor. The lid to the reactor had reached an excessive temperature and finally blew apart sending nuclear fuel and fragmented material into the surrounding area. A dangerous amount of radioactive material was released into the environment and sent the staff at the plant and the public into a panic (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. March, 2015). Reactor number 4 contained about 190 metric tons of uranium dioxide and fuel products that exploded into the environment. It is estimated that about 13-30 percent of this product made it into the atmosphere (Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. March, 2015). This massive amount of uranium dioxide is the leading component in the radiation exposure to so many people. Uranium is one of the biggest contributors to natural terrestrial radiation. Terrestrial radiation is found in the ground and the major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation are uranium and the decay products of uranium. This is the material that was used in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. This explosion affected 18 miles around the city of Chernobyl. In order to contain the ongoing radiation exposure, officials have built a concrete building around reactor number 4 in order to help filter the radiation exposure from entering the atmosphere. Â  It has been 30 years since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident, but the effects still live on. Today Chernobyl is a ghost town since it was evacuated directly after the accident. It has since been deemed to be a toxic and unlivable place due to the radiation exposure that may be received. There have been regulations and emergency preparedness precautions that have been put into effect in order to ensure that this kind of crisis will never happen again. According to the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the government of Ukraine evacuated about 115,000 people from the most heavily contaminated areas in 1986. Even though the vast majority of the area was evacuated, long-term effects still linger. Health effects and diseases have developed in the years after the accident upon individuals who worked at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, or were in the surrounding area. Some diseases that are more prevalent as a result of the radiation exposure from the accident incl ude, cataracts to the eyes, cardiovascular disease, psychological effects, birth defects such as hydrocephalus, as well as increased risk for cancers such as papillary thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Other effects include unusable land for farming or unstable livestock from the accident. As a result of this catastrophic event, more than 200,000 km2 were subjected to levels of radioactive deposits exceeding 37 kBq/m2 of 137 Cs, the cut-off level to classify an area as contaminated. The average dose that was received from the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident ranges from less than 10 milisievert (mSv) to over 1 sievert (Sv). (Moiseenko, Khvostunov, Hattangadi-Gluth, Muren, & Lloyd, 2016). 1 Sv is equivalent to 100 Rem. Radiation equivalent man (Rem), is the traditional unit of measure for humans. All of the units will be converted into this value. This is a substantial amount of radiation considering the allowable dose for a non-occupational person to receive is 0.5 Rem per year. The dose that was received by some people in the accident is two hundred times that of the normal limit for the entire year. The occurrence and severity of cataracts is proportional to the dose of radiation received. The Ukrainian-American Chernobyl Ocular study reported a dose-related increase in the rate of cataracts in cleanup workers from Ukraine. This study also caused for reevaluation of the dose limits to the eyes by the International Commission on Radiologic Protection. It has since then been changed from 1 Gy (gray) or 100 Rem down to 0.7 Gy or 70 Rem for non-occupationally exposed people, and down to 0.5 Gy or 50 Rem for those occupationally exposed. The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident caused the universal exposure limit to the eyes to be lowered due to the increase in cataracts among those people who were exposed. (Zablotska, 2016). Cardiovascular disease reports are only increased in the Chernobyl clean up worker cohort. It may not be a significant cause of cardiovascular disease in people elsewhere, however clean up workers had an increased amount of cases because they were exposed to so much radiation in such a short period of time (Zablotska, 2016). Prolonged exposure to radiation may cause chronic kidney disorders, which induce hypertension and thus might contribute to the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (Kamiya, et al., 2015). Psychological effects pertain to the mind, emotions, or reactions to certain events. According to Zablotska (2016), a catastrophic event such as the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident warranted many psychological effects on workers as well as ordinary people of the surrounding areas. These effects may never disappear, as many people still have symptoms decades after the accident. The lack of information given to the general public about what had happened caused a panic among many. The mystery of radiation exposure also caused anxiety among those affected by the exposure. Some people have developed severe anxiety due to the fact that they are nervous about being exposed to that much radiation, and the diseases that follow a high dose. Many people including young children and teens during the accident have post-traumatic stress disorder. This is mostly due to being forced to leave their roots in such an abrupt way. People were mistrusting towards their government for not keeping th e reactors under tighter regulations. Many were also frustrated by the lack of emergency preparedness plans that could have prevented so much widespread damage. Young children and teens may also be more susceptible to certain diseases and cancers because their cells are more radiosensitive towards exposures, which makes parents very anxious and depressed fearing something may happen to their babies. Another long lasting effect of the accident is the prevalence of thyroid cancer. This disease is by far the most frightening and notorious of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. This is the disease that everyone worries about because it can affect teens, children and adults in the same way. According to Handkiewicz-Junak et al., (2016) there have been approximately 5,000 thyroid cancer cases since the accident in the surrounding area. Two parallel studies have been performed. One study involved subjects in Ukraine and the other involved subjects in Belarus, one of the neighboring countries of Ukraine. Each study comprised about 12,000 children or adolescents from the accident. All of the subjects had been exposed to Iodine-131, which is a radioisotope. Periodic standardized screenings revealed that thyroid cancer and non-malignant diseases of the thyroid were far more prevalent in these studies than normal. Furthermore, evidence from other smaller population-based case-contro l studies confirms a causal relationship between the observed increase in thyroid cancer risk and exposure to Iodine-131 from the Chernobyl fall out (Zablotska, 2016). Another study was conducted on 65 children who had been exposed to Chernobyl radiation and sporadic papillary thyroid cancer. All participants were residents of the same region so that factors related to genetics or environment were reduced. Using DNA microarray, which measures the gene expression of many different samples, ten genes were confirmed as being associated with radiation exposure samples. This concludes that there is a significant difference in gene expression that causes papillary thyroid cancer to become active in post-Chernobyl subjects who were exposed (Handkiewicz-Junak et al., 2016). Chronic lymphocytic leukemia was found in workers who helped clean up after the Chernobyl accident. A study was conducted on the clean up workers registered in the Chernobyl state registry who resided in six regions of Ukraine (five oblasts and Kiev city). This particular cohort represented about 47% of the total number of clean up workers who helped at the Chernobyl accident. The study was later updated to include another nearby area, which bumped up the cohort to representing about 60% of the clean up workers. The findings showed an excess occurrence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cases compared with national levels during the study period of about 26 years. The most drastic increase in cases occurred within the first decade after the accident and continues during subsequent decades. The potential risk from a different cohort, measured between 1986-2006, demonstrated the same risk of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and it still remains active over 20 years after the exposure (Bazyka , et al., 2015). We know that radiation is cumulative and that any amount can cause genetic effects on future generations. Many of the clean up workers at the time of the accident were young adults who were at the start of their fertility and birthing years. The clean up workers could have been exposed to high amounts of radiation without any form of protection to the gonads. Certain mutations in DNA can form due to exceedingly high doses, which are then passed on to subsequent generations. For this reason, birth defects are put in the spot light for those affected. According to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, a positive correlation has been associated with external and food based exposure, with hydrocephaly (Lie, Irgens, Skjaerven, Reitan, P. Strand, T. Strand, April 1992). According to Webster’s dictionary, hydrocephalus is an increase in the amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the cranial cavity. This causes expansion of the cerebral ventricles in the brain, and increased intracrania l pressure, skull enlargement, and cognitive decline (Hydrocephalus: Merriam-Webster). This is one of the very serious birth defects related to those individuals of reproductive age during the exposure. Lastly, effects of the Chernobyl accident extend further than just diseases or cancers directly affecting humans. The accident has a large impact on the soil and water system. The soil around Chernobyl cannot be used for farming since radioactive fuel and isotopes were scattered across a large area. In the first few weeks after the accident, private farm owners were not educated on the risks associated with the radioactive isotopes and fuel particles in the air and now onto their farms. Their farm animals, such as cows, consumed the radioactive material that was sprinkled over their hay, or other feed, and then produced milk that the farm owners then drank. The milk contained very high amounts of Iodine-131, which as previously discussed, contributed to increased rates of thyroid cancer. The water system was also contaminated with Iodine-131 and had the same effect on people as contaminated milk does. Contaminated water and milk are one of the leading causes of thyroid cancers among young children and teens (Beresford, et al., 2016). In conclusion, the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident was one of the most catastrophic nuclear accidents in history. The wide range of people that were affected is astonishing. The radiation exposure blanketed some 200,000 km2, including Ukraine and the surrounding areas with thousands of people sickened by disease and turmoil, living with the consequences and long-term effects for the rest of their lives. People had to abruptly evacuate their homes and hometown roots due to this nuclear crisis. The after effects caused psychological problems and stressors, while also leaving many with no place to live. Anyone who may have helped clean up after the accident are at risk for cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and cancers such as thyroid or leukemia. Those individuals who were of reproductive age may have passed along mutated DNA causing birth defects. The effects that Chernobyl left behind are countless, however, regulations and safety precautions have been put into place in order to prevent such a catastrophic event from happening again. References Backgrounder on Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident. (2014, December 12). http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html Bazyka, D., Gudzenko, N., Dyagil, I., Goroh, E., Polyschuk, O., Trotsuk, N., . . . Romanenko, A. (2015, September 24). Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Chornobyl Cleanup Workers. Health Physics, 111(2), 186-191. doi:10.1097/HP.0000000000000440 Beresford, N., Fesenko, S., Konoplev, A., Skuterud, L., Smith, J., & Voigt, G. (2016, June). Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: What lessons have we learnt? Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 157, 77-89. doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003 Chernobyl Accident and Its Consequences-Fact Sheet. (2015, March). http://www.nei.org/master-document-folder/backgrounders/fact-sheets/chernobyl-accident-and-its-consequences Handkiewicz-Junak, D., Swierniak, M., Rusinek, D., Oczko-Wojciechowska, M., Dom, G., Maenhaut, C., . . . Jarzab, B. (2016, January 26). Gene signature of the post-Chernobyl papillary thyroid cancer. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43(7), 1267-1277. doi:10.1007/s00259-015-3303-3 Hydrocephalus. (n.d.) . In Merriam-Webster online dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hydrocephalus Kamiya, K., Ozasa, K., Akiba, S., Niwa, O., Kodama, K., Takamura, N., . . . Wakeford, R. (2015, August 01). Long-term effects of radiation exposure on health. The Lancet, 386(9992), 469-478. https://wwwclinicalkeycom.sladenlibrary.hfhs.org/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S0140673615611679. Lie, R., Irgens, L., Skjaerven, R., Reitan, J., Strand, P., & Strand, T. (1992, April 2). Birth Defects in Norway by Levels of External and Food-based Exposure to Radiation from Chernobyl. American Journal of Epidemiology, 136(4), 377-388. http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/136/4/377.short Moiseenko, V., Khvostunov, I. K., Hattangadi-Gluth, J. A., Muren, L. P., & Lloyd, D. C. (2016, April 1). Biological dosimetry to assess risks of health effects in victims of radiation accidents: Thirty years after Chernobyl. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 119(1), 1-4. doi:10.1016/j.radonc.2016.02.033 Zablotska, L. B. (2016, April 29). 30Â  years After the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident: Time for Reflection and Re-evaluation of Current Disaster Preparedness Plans. Journal of Urban Health J Urban Health, 93(3), 407-413. doi:10.1007/s11524-016-0053-x

Robert Frosts Use of Nature in Poetry Essay -- Papers Poem Frost Essa

Robert Frost's Use of Nature in Poetry Robert Frost, an American poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. Frost was very observant of nature, he often used it to represent the emotion of his characters in his poetry. I will use "West-Running Brook" and "Once by the Pacific" to demonstrate Frost's use of nature in his writings. Robert Frost was born March 26, 1874 in San Francisco ("American Writers" 150). In 1885, the dying request of his father took Frost back to Massachusetts for the burial. Since Frost couldn't afford to travel back to California, Frost remained there and began his writing. Frost led a simple life. He taught, was a New England farmer, worked in a mill, was a reporter, and wrote. He graduated as valedictorian in High School in 1892 and attended Dartmouth College, but quit shortly after he started. Two years later he sold his first work "My Butterfly: An Elegy" and later that year he married Elinor White. He attempted school again at Harvard but left before getting his degree. The next 10 years he wrote poems and worked small jobs throughout New Hampshire. In 1912 he moved his wife and four kids to England to work on poetry full time. "A Boy's Will" and "North of Boston" became a instant success in Europe and in 1915 he moved to America. "North of Boston" was reissued in Ameri ca and became a best seller. Frost used the money from it to buy a farm in New Hampshire, where some of his most successful poems were written ("American Writers" 152). Frost's poems are full of so many strong themes and richer meanings than nature, but most Frost fans prefer his modest feelings toward nature. The images he creates are so vivid and simplistic the common reader can v... ...chigan, 1963. pp 97-103 and 86-87 Call number: PS 3511 7. Thompson, Lawrence, "Encouraging Younger Poets." Robert Frost The Years of Triumph. New York: Twayne Publishers,1967. pp 360-362 8. Thompson, Lawrence. Robert Frost: The Early Years. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. pp 381-382 and 570 9. U.S. Literature. Glenview: Scott, Foresman, and Company, 1991. pp 509 Robert Frost's Use of Nature Thesis: Robert Frost, an American poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. Frost was very observant of nature, he often used it too represent the emotion of his characters in his poetry. Introduction I. Frost's feelings on nature A. Overview B. Contrast with Mathew Arnold C. Contrast with Wade Van Dore II. "Once by the Pacific" III "West-Running Brook"

Hallucinogen and Music Essay

The era of the 1960’s and early 1970’s were the clear reverberations of both mysticism and altruism. It saw the rise of the American subculture known as the â€Å"hippies,† which professes itself through exotic clothing and erotic slogans that are centered on the subversion of the contemporary Western society into a more liberal one. Nonetheless, the influence of hallucinogenic drugs that largely permeated during the same period catapulted the rise of a music genre that is centered on an intensely esthetic entrancement, known as psychedelic music. Because of this, various artists emerged and gained popularity in the said field, further reinforcing the usage of hallucinogenic drugs through their craft. In this respect, this paper sought to analyze how the music of some groups during 1960’s, specifically The Doors, The Beatles and The Jefferson Airplane were affected by the usage of hallucinogens, and the impact that their music had and still have within the society. Hallucinogens: A Background Hallucinogens are diversified groups of drugs that can alter a person’s perception, thoughts and mood. Because it is a heterogeneous group, hallucinogens are noted for their varying chemical structures and mechanism of actions as well as different adverse effects among its users. While many claim that hallucination is the instantaneous effect of using hallucinogen, which are identified as false perception that have no realistic basis, it was stated that most hallucinogens are more likely to change moods and thoughts rather than the actual hallucinations itself (Richards, 2006). The usage of hallucinogens can be traced from the history of many cultures; notably as a means of religious and mystical experiences. Rig Veda, which is the Hindu’s holy book, mentioned the use of â€Å"soma,† a substance that is capable of inducing higher levels of consciousness among its users. It is believed that Soma is derived from the juice of Amanita Mascaria, a hallucinogenic mushroom. Similarly, in pre-Columbian Mexico , the Aztecs were noted to have used â€Å"teotlaqualli,† a paste that is derived from the hallucinogenic flower known as â€Å"ololiuqui,† during their religious ceremonies. Both the Aztec priests and soldiers rub the substance on their skin, and it was though that the teotlaqualli eliminates the feeling of fear and places its users under a proper mental state of service to the Aztec gods. The aboriginal people of Mexico were also noted to have a long history of using â€Å"peyote,† which is mescaline that contains hallucinogens, during religious ceremonies. Likewise, in Salem, Massachusetts, it was proposed that hallucinogen use is the main cause of unlikely behaviors of alleged witches during witch trials (Richards, 2006). The very first synthetic form of hallucinogen known as Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) 25, was discovered in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hoffman in Basel, Switzerland’s Sandoz Laboratories. At that time, Dr. Hoffman was searching for drugs that have medical purposes. He stumbled upon LSD and did not realize that the said drug have mind-altering features. It was in 1943, that Dr. Hoffman accidentally consumed the drug that he realized its mind-altering effects right after he experienced hallucinations. From then on, LSD was widely distributed for medical research. It was also used for psychotherapy; as such the term â€Å"hallucinogenic† is used to describe LSD which implies that it actually causes the symptoms of common mental problems (Levinson, 2002). By 1957, Dr. Humphry Osmond coined the term â€Å"psychedelic† in order to come up with more positive label for drugs that have â€Å"consciousness-expanding† properties, and later on the term LSD emerged. Psychedelic was further used by Timothy Leary and other advocates of LSD during 1960’s in order to market the said drug as a substance of good kind that boost an individual’s inter and intra-personal understanding, gives a heightened feeling of spirituality and increased level of creativity. Leary and his colleagues found their inspiration in promoting LSD in the identity of Aldous Huxley (1954), a British novelist and essayist. Huxley’s book entitled â€Å"The Doors of Inspiration,† was one of the major influences that introduce Leary toward the â€Å"positive† use of LSD. The title of the book was based on William Blake’s (1963) words: â€Å"If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is infinite† (Blake, 1963, p. 14 cited in Levinson, 2002, p. 76). Generally, Huxley’s book chronicled the favorable experiences he encountered in account to mescaline, a psychedelic drug that can be derived from peyote mushrooms (Levinson, 2002). Due to Leary’s strong advocacy, many people were swayed to use LSD. His devised motto â€Å"turn on, tune in, drop out† spurred many young individuals to experiment with the said drug in order to exclude themselves from mainstream society. Likewise, movie stars and entertainers alike lauded the mind-altering effects of LSD; many have even incorporated it within their lifestyle that it has become a significant part in the establishment of the â€Å"hippie† counterculture. Hallucinogen and music: Psychedelic rock During the 1960’s the widespread use of hallucinogens was recognized in account to the belief that ingesting the said substances eventually lead to â€Å"mind expansion. † It was even asserted that, why limit oneself with the experience of life on a banal level when one can experience life in a world where places are new and exciting through the usage of the said chemicals? Due to this, many are swayed by such rhetoric that hallucinogen use has become a trend incorporated in the counterculture lifestyle (Levinson, 2002). Young people tried to exist differently from the conventionality of the society; they rather live in large groups instead of small families; avoiding good paying jobs, and generally looking for excitement instead of becoming obedient and dutiful citizens. Nonetheless, the music of the said era reflected the beliefs and attitudes of the said counterculture; becoming the voice to the new generation that cared less for power money and only wanted to live outside the rules set by ordinary society (Grimbly, 2001). The emergence of psychedelic rock has played a profound role in reinforcing the understanding that hallucinogen use is an inviting activity that promotes the sense of intra and inter-spirituality and becoming one with the environment. Many bands jumped into the bandwagon of the psychedelic era, including The Jefferson Airplane, The Beatles and The Doors which were considered as the forerunners of psychedelic sound. Before proceeding to the discussion of the music of the pertained bands, it is first an imperative to define psychedelic music. Popularly known as â€Å"Psychedelic Rock,† psychedelic music or acid rock emerged during the later parts of the 1960’s in California. It was music created under the influence of mind-altering drugs predominantly the LSD. The main features of this form of music are the â€Å"long improvised instrumental passages,† which are deemed as the replication of the mind-altering effects of LSD, in the context of musicality. Likewise, bands who used this form of music clearly shows their willingness to engage in experimentation through â€Å"effect pedals,† that are responsible for notes distortion from guitars, that range from wailing to sustained percussive sounds (Grimbly, 2001). Such feature is a clear manifestation of the musicians’ inclination with hallucinogen characterized by their profound usage of distortion of notes and experimentation, which metaphorically represents the strong effects of hallucinogen use. The Jefferson Airplane Considered as one of the most important bands during the psychedelic era, The Jefferson Airplane from California experienced a huge commercial success because of their hallucinogen induced music. The music of the said band was noted to have epitomized the drug-taking ethos of the hippies. Their interaction with people during their concert mirrored what was going on at that time. The 1967 album known as â€Å"Surrealistic Pillow† contained one of the most notable psychedelic songs of all time which is â€Å"White Rabbit. † As the term surrealistic indicates, having the experience of disoriented and hallucinatory quality of dreams; it was a clear manifestation of the band’s inclination to hallucinogen use and its impact on ones mind (â€Å"Jefferson Airplane’s White Rabbit,† 2008). â€Å"White Rabbit† has become a full blown cultural phenomenon as it manifested the rampant usage of LSD during the said period. Written by Grace Slick in 1965, â€Å"Whit Rabbit† was influenced by Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventure in Wonderland. However, instead of maintaining the classic’s original representation of the characters, Slick infused the song with hippie messages, making the characters appear a shade darker, erasing their innocence, as it was centered on the purportedly induced hallucinations of hallucinogens. From the opening lyrics of the song which indicates: â€Å"One pill makes you larger and one pill makes you small. And the ones that mother gives you don’t do anything at all. Go ask Alice when she’s ten feet tall†¦Ã¢â‚¬ to the end part that states: â€Å"When logic and proportion have fallen sloppy dead. And the White Knight is talking backwards, and the Red Queen’s ‘off with her head! ’ Remember what the dormouse said; ‘feed your head! ’ ‘Feed your head! ’ (Slick, 1965) Jefferson Airplane’s â€Å"White Rabbit† is indeed a transitory song that is wholly interpreted in the realms of Carroll’s classic but in a more hallucinatory light. What adds to the depth of this interpretation is the band’s usage of slow building crescendo, snapping snare drum, strong driving electric guitar that creates the hallucinatory experience of its own (â€Å"Jefferson Airplane’s White Rabbit,† 2008). Because of the vivid representation of hallucinogen used by the Jefferson Airplane, â€Å"White Rabbit’s† influence extended itself in modern music and culture. The song has been covered by more than 100 diverse bands during their acts, and has been featured in popular television shows such as the Simpson’s, the Sopranos. â€Å"White Rabbit† also inspired the creation of the book â€Å"Go Ask Alice† written by an anonymous writer, which chronicled the life of a teenager who died from a drug overdose. Hunter Thompson’s 1972 film â€Å"Fear and loathing in Las Vegas,† featuring a man tripping on bad combination of drugs which are LSD, mescaline, cocaine and alcohol gave rise for the recognition of â€Å"White Rabbit. † Slick’s pharmaceutical prescription advice was also referred to as the definitive rendition of the film â€Å"The Matrix† (1999) during a scene where Morpheus offered Neo a pill and said: â€Å"You take the blue pill—the story ends; you wake up in your bed and believe whatever you believe. You take the red pill—you stay in Wonderland and I show you how deep the rabbit-hole goes† (cited in â€Å"Jefferson Airplane’s White Rabbit,† 2008, n. p. ). Based from the given perspectives, it is evident that despite Jefferson Airplane’s advocacy for hallucinogen use, they remained as one of the most sought after psychedelic bands that greatly impacted 1960’s and the culture today, as they have become the striking visuals of rebellion that inspired various groups and artists, as well as populace to stand for what they believe. The Doors By far the most influential group to emerge in California is â€Å"The Doors. † Their brief but intensely creative career, where they were able to record some of the greatest masterpieces in music history, has been widely recognized to date. Fronted by self-proclaimed poet Jim Morrison, the Doors was able to establish their name in the field of psychedelic music. From their name â€Å"The Doors,† which is noted to be a tribute for the poetry of William Blake and Aldous Huxley’s psychedelic drug book â€Å"The doors of perception,† the band clearly conveyed their music in the context of â€Å"mind-expansion† accounted to hallucinogen use. In fact, The Doors has been widely recognized for their notoriety in the usage of LSD in most of their performances (Whiteley, 2005). According to Ray Manzarek, the group’s keyboardist, the early days of the band was marked by ingestion of LSD. Due to this, their usage of the said hallucinogen provided them a sense of shared of experiences. Each individual’s tripping specifics developed a sense of bonding for the group, thereby giving them strong emotional feelings for each other, and eventually becoming the symbolic overtone of how they created their music—sexual and inhibition free; which are strong parts of the LSD experience (Mazarek, 1999 cited in Whiteley, 2005). Although, Manzarek and Morrison did not openly discussed the details of their trips with LSD, the shared knowledge that they did have experienced the said drug has become evident within their trance-like music. Their songs reflected LSD use with each members extended solos. Likewise, Morrison’s adaptive character, the â€Å"Lizard King† became the metaphorical representation of the hypnotic powers of the drug that entices the listeners to listen to their music and embrace the wild child within them (Whiteley, 2005). It was also found out that the hallucinogenic experience provided by LSD became the most crucial ingredient for the music of The Doors, as they believe that its use provided access for them to reach the metaphysical. As Manzarek pointed out about the hallucinogenic experience: â€Å"†¦and we were off! Flying on the wings of love†¦ To Nirvana, to the pure land†¦ It was divine. It was expansive and harmonious and beatific in one† (Manzarek, 1999, p. 120 cited in Whiteley, 2005, p. 143). Apparently, they have used their music to express the transcendent moods that can be experienced under the influence of LSD. Songs such as â€Å"Light my fire,† â€Å"People are Strange,† as well as LA woman reflected the way of life The Doors have lived. Nonetheless, â€Å"Riders on the Storm† is said to be the culmination of the earlier hallucinogenic tracks of the band, as it is dark, mystical, and sinister and alienated, further reflecting what it is like to hallucinate (Whiteley, 2005). The music of The Doors continued to fascinate legions of rock fans even after the death of Morrison. During the mid-80’s, the doors’ music was much popular as it has been during 1960’s. Numerous quantities of the band’s original album have been sold, including the reissues and releases of their live materials. By 1991, director Oliver Stone created the movie â€Å"The Doors† which tackled the story of the band. From here, it is easy to point out that the fame of The Doors never ceased despite their inclination to LSD usage (Ruhlmann and Unterberger, 2009). The Beatles The popularity of The Beatles throughout the 1960’s has been well documented. They started out as mainstream band that eventually marked the British invasion in the music industry, and was considered as the reason for the uprising of the women’s sexual revolution. Their ability to popularize trends and the capability of their music to achieve global dissemination, suggested that they are one of the most significant forces in popular music history (Whiteley, 2000). By the year 1967, The Beatles eventually changed pace. From their mainstream music they jumped on to the American psychedelic bandwagon. The release of their album, â€Å"Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club† marked their conversion to the underground music. Such change of pace was considered as a significant factor for the British Psychedelic rock. The Beatles’ change image and emphasis on both love and drugs as expressed in the Sgt. Pepper’s album is said to be in perfect harmony with the 1960’s LSD-influenced mood. The immense popularity of the album notably indicates that the absence of the Beatles during the psychedelic era would have made the British counter culture insignificant. In short, the jump that the Beatles created from mainstream music to psychedelic rock established the British counter culture in the context of cultural themes and music (Whiteley, 2000). â€Å"Lucy in the sky with diamonds,† which was the third track in the album, was considered as the central force behind the British psychedelic rock because it served as the musical metaphor for the hallucinogenic experience. Musically, the song’s gentle beats is working directly towards the pulse rate of the listeners making it slow down, while slow shifting of the harmonies used in the base suggest relaxation that brings the audience into a comfortable dream state. Likewise, the melodic lines of each verse is very trancelike, allowing the audience to become reflective, and also creates a feeling of reassurance. Similarly, the well structured rising and falling phrasing of â€Å"And I love her,† â€Å"For no one,† and â€Å"Yesterday† partnered with exotic timbres and filtered vocal delivery makes the audience a heightened evocative â€Å"good trip. † The Beatles knew the effects of LSD and they have enjoyed the hallucinogenic experience. As such, they use it to their own advantage by inculcating it within their music so as to initiate a heightened sense of awareness. They used psychedelic imagery such as â€Å"tangerine trees† and â€Å"marmalade skies† in order to strongly support the spatial dimension experienced during a hallucinogen trip. Finally, their jump to psychedelic music promised the audience a route where they can have a changed state of consciousness, which is an authentic experience (Whiteley, 2000). Conclusion Based from the data drawn from the study, it is evident that hallucinogen use has become a significant part of the 1960’s history. It affected every aspect of the society which paved way for the development of the counter culture known as the â€Å"hippies. † What further reinforced people to view such drug as an important part of the society was the music that deeply reflects the entrancement that can be attained through the use of hallucinogens. The Jefferson Airplanes, The Doors and The Beatles, were considered as the forerunners of psychedelic music. They reflected the beliefs and attitudes of the counter culture and they became the voice to the new generation that cared less for power money and only wanted to live outside the rules set by ordinary society. In this respect, they were able to establish their own names through their music that has been significant back then, and is still considered as significant to date. References: Grimbly, S (ed. ). (2001). Chapter 3: Rock. The Story of Music Volume 6: From Rock and Pop to Hip-Hop. Danbury , CT : Grolier Educational. â€Å"Jefferson Airplane’s White Rabbit. † (25 November 2008). Dark Party Review. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://darkpartyreview. blogspot. com/2008/11/great-tunes- jefferson-airplanes-white. html. Levinson, M. H. (2002). The drug problem: A new view using the general semantics approach. Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group. Richards, M. E. (17 April 2006). Hallucinogens. Emedicine. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/293752-overview. Slick, G. (February 1967). White Rabbit [ Jefferson Airplane]. Surrealistic Pillow [CD]. Nashville , Tennessee : Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 31 October 1966- 06 March 1967. Ruhlmann, W. and Unterberger, R. (2009). All music. Retrieved April 24, 2009 from http://allmusic. com/cg/amg. dll? p=amg&sql=11:wifqxqe5ldhe~T1. Whiteley, S. (2000). Women and popular music: Sexuality, identity and subjectivity. New York, NY: Routledge Whiteley, S. (2005). Too much Too young: Popular music, age and gender. New York, NY: Routledge.

Current Issues in Business Law

Business law really tends to describe an extensive body of bylaws that tend to govern the business transactions. Business law also includes every major aspect of trade together with the advertising as well as marketing collection plus the bankruptcy, contracts, banking, secured transactions, negotiable instruments and trade as a general rule.It is sometimes considered as a branch of communal law however it deals with issues of public along with private law. Business law covers foreign and domestic trade hence it tends to regulate business among the states. In this same connection, there is a uniform commercial code which has by now been adopted in all the parts of every state within the United States which tends to be the main primary authority which governs the business transactions.Despite the fact that uniform commercial code normally controls so many aspects of domestic commercial law, state laws and other common law of contracts, it at the same time applies to other types of bus iness transactions which tend to arise as far as business is concerned. Consequently, business law is a very essential component of within this particular area.Even if the trade world faces a continuous change, the commercial laws have remained static in general. As a consequence, commercial law is not only uniform throughout the US but as well to those people who normally do business are at the position of proceeding with business transactions with some degree of confidence towards the law which governs these particular business transactions (Samuel, 2008).Commercial law encompasses titles as agent and principal, carriage by both sea as well as land. It is as well known because it regulates hiring practices, business contracts, manufacturing and the retailing of consumer goods. Thus there are so many countries which have really adopted the civil codes because these codes contain complete statements of their own business law.Looking back at the United States, business law is the mai n zone for the United States Congress beneath its powers to govern and rule the interstate business as well as other states under the authority of the police. These days they are really trying quite harder to create an amalgamated body of business law within the United States. They are going to succeed since they actually adopted the consistent commercial code.This identical commercial code has made things much easier as far as business law is concerned. However, there are quite a number of authoritarian schemes that tend to govern and control on the way business is supposed to be conducted. Some of the authoritarian schemes that control are the safety laws, privacy laws, and drug and food laws among others (Samuel, 2008).So many small and middle sized businesses currently lack the financial strength to make payments in the potential wrongful release awards in lump sum. So many labor and groups on employment defend successfully those businesses that are established well and mid size businesses from claims pertaining to wrongful removal from office from former employees.Whenever they seem not to be succeeding in the lawsuit, it seems like the company is forced in one way or the other into bankruptcy removing all the present workers from the office. Such cases are so many compared to previous days. Such developments are equally resulting in extensive businesses that survey the likelihood of gaining protection through the purchase of wrongful dismissal insurance.The current business law these days is very essential because it really helps people to realize the business ethics. It assists them to follow these business ethics in running their businesses in a proper and authenticated manner. This has to be in an agreement with the set of laws and guideline prevailing within the society.However, business law is mostly offered to those people who are intending to set up nice businesses together with an authenticated business registration and license in the future. Thi s is what makes the business law studies extraordinary essential. So many customers are very comfortable in doing their businesses as long as they have a government license at hand as well as an approval stamp for their individual businesses.However, the government policy that issues licenses is actually not complex. It is always very necessary that the business law studies are really considered very carefully. Currently business law studies are taught by the professionals who are experts in business law consultancy.These professionals normally plan a course structure which can assist an individual in realizing his business law obligations together with the rules which are applied into the business trade system. Current business laws help all the individuals in setting up their businesses in the future. These businesses do well because the owners are experienced and educated on how to carry them on. They use the knowledge to expand their type of businesses hence they are able to par ticipate in the market (Emmanuel, 2001).Any case study of business law tends to teach a business, a good manner in which the business is going to be initiated. Business processes have got so many matters for example the copyright issues, legalized marketing of the business, registration fees and so on. The business law case studies really focus on business activity.So many packages and relief are obtainable by trading and this will enable an individual to learn more about the methods of getting the governmental facilities. It involves tax cuts, tax write off, getting funds as well as government loans together with the raising any business right from franchise. To take a business law case study assists an individual to the greatest out of the facilities that the government has given to the business.Consequently, business law is very necessary for those people who need to run any line of business within the law agencies as well as the consultancy firms. An individual is actually taugh t all the main aspects of trade law plus the ethics. This automatically provides a person with a chance to begin a career as a legal advisor, consultant for very big budget businesses as well as trade mechanism.These days, business law is very important for very tiny businesses because these businesses are operated on a very limited financial resource because they are some kind of self employment. However, the government tries so much to encourage such small businesses as well as devises extraordinary laws, restricted to small business. Currently the tax cut offs are so much for these small businesses (Emmanuel, 2001).The modern commercial law has enabled business countries on civil and common law system to become more considerable in the extensive use of business arbitration that is comparable to the former private courts of merchants. In the United States, they are having similar commercial statutes that tend to smooth the progress of the business from end to end of a particular n ation.Certainly, Europe business law is still a separate subject matter due to its special courts. During the time when the business law got adopted by the state meeting during the year 1997, it appeared like a watershed within the country’s financial reforms.In any busy profit-making world, the business which is operated nicely must equally involve the agents.   Business law normally represents the emergent and ordinary morality of all the human beings. All the businesses are however seeking to partner themselves with the prevailing customs in proclaiming as right only whereby all the businesses perceive to be always right.They tend to be right in enforcing as law the rules that are considered by the great number of people or very powerful to be moral and just. For the reason that business law is and it is still supposed to be reflective in prevailing morality, societal control over the businesses is very necessary. The aim is self control which is based on the person†™s own moral philosophy (Manfred, 1929).As a matter of fact, all the business activities happen in an officially authorized system framework. Business law places business in its lawful framework and it also develops skills in compliance, risk assessment and troubleshooting.The program on business law focuses so much on the application of law in business as well as government sectors. Business law covers a very wide part of trade, consumer and commercial transactions. However, business law underpins the operation of regulates, markets conduct in the markets as well as the addresses instances of the market failure in which voluntary business mechanisms are not able to attain relevant policy objectives.The business law practitioners really identify lawful standards as the law gradually changes and determine important policies together with the practices in meeting the legal requirements. On the other hand, commercial law regulates hiring practices, corporate contracts and the manufac ture plus the sales of customer merchandise. This law sometimes regulates their directors, corporations, corporate relations and shareholders with the third parties.There is taxation law within this context which deals with taxation of persons and the businesses. This includes income tax, goods as well as services plus a diversity of nation taxes.

Free Essays on Values-howard Nemerov-money

Values Mr. Howard Nemerov presents his readers with a valid point in the poem, â€Å"Money†, which captures honor, freedom, and injustice. Currency maneuvers its way into our society, and usually leaves a lasting impression. Whether we save, spend, or collect money it tells a story. Symbolism plays an important role when comparing it to money. There are icons and cryptograms conveniently placed on each coin. Each â€Å"piece† represents its own symbol, then brought to its keeper to create his or her own meaning. Nemerov explains the detail of an American five-cent coin, the nickel. Each symbol that has been stamped or engraved carries a name. The nickel is a proud owner of liberty and equality. There is no doubt the maker of the nickel intended it to be a portrait of America’s progress or history. A picture of a bison poises on one side, letting present and future know we are proud of such a grand animal. Yet, the scrunched posture of the bison obeys the circle shaped coin. Above the contorted body reads, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and in between reads, E PLURIBUS UNUM. The individual meaning of each symbol is strength, but the extinct, disfigured bison portrays America and equivalence. Adding to the injustice, the bison is standing on a perfectly straight FIVE CENTS. Preserved on the other side of the nickel is a culture that began the American way of life, the American Indian. Though there are few American Indians left to claim their ground, the maker has made a point to h onor them by adding the image of an Indian. The only recognizable feature is the feathers and long hair. The word LIBERTY hangs above and fits the contour of the nickel, as if mocking the Indian with its literal meaning. Since his glare is not above or forward, I could assume Indians were oblivious of their destiny, and America would like us to remember it. One symbol left out of this side is the importance of the American Indian†¦he does n... Free Essays on Values-howard Nemerov-money Free Essays on Values-howard Nemerov-money Values Mr. Howard Nemerov presents his readers with a valid point in the poem, â€Å"Money†, which captures honor, freedom, and injustice. Currency maneuvers its way into our society, and usually leaves a lasting impression. Whether we save, spend, or collect money it tells a story. Symbolism plays an important role when comparing it to money. There are icons and cryptograms conveniently placed on each coin. Each â€Å"piece† represents its own symbol, then brought to its keeper to create his or her own meaning. Nemerov explains the detail of an American five-cent coin, the nickel. Each symbol that has been stamped or engraved carries a name. The nickel is a proud owner of liberty and equality. There is no doubt the maker of the nickel intended it to be a portrait of America’s progress or history. A picture of a bison poises on one side, letting present and future know we are proud of such a grand animal. Yet, the scrunched posture of the bison obeys the circle shaped coin. Above the contorted body reads, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, and in between reads, E PLURIBUS UNUM. The individual meaning of each symbol is strength, but the extinct, disfigured bison portrays America and equivalence. Adding to the injustice, the bison is standing on a perfectly straight FIVE CENTS. Preserved on the other side of the nickel is a culture that began the American way of life, the American Indian. Though there are few American Indians left to claim their ground, the maker has made a point to h onor them by adding the image of an Indian. The only recognizable feature is the feathers and long hair. The word LIBERTY hangs above and fits the contour of the nickel, as if mocking the Indian with its literal meaning. Since his glare is not above or forward, I could assume Indians were oblivious of their destiny, and America would like us to remember it. One symbol left out of this side is the importance of the American Indian†¦he does n...

SCRUM †An Agile Process †Information Systems Essay

SCRUM – An Agile Process – Information Systems Essay Free Online Research Papers SCRUM An Agile Process Information Systems Essay Scrum is an agile process designed to help manage and control software development work. It applies to both regularly develops products and those which require constant adaptation to business needs, technology availability and reliability. However, Scrum is suited best to new product development rather than extended development realizing that speed and flexibility of methodologies like Sashimi where the importance of high quality and low cost project phases have been reduced to four: requirements, design, prototype, and acceptance. Other companies took one step further, reducing the phases to one and calling it Scrum. The term Scrum comes from rugby where it is the method of beginning play in which the forwards of each team crouch side by side with locked arms; play starts when the ball thrown in between them and the two sides compete for possession. The key to this comparison is that everyone on the team is working towards the same goal. Scrum begins by calling a meeting to tell then team that they have been selected to do an important project. It is best to describe the project in a fair amount of detail, include how long its estimated to take, how much it is estimated to cost, how it is expected to perform. At this point the program manager will generally tell the team that their job is to do it in half the time, with half the cost, and twice the performance benefits. At this point the manager may explain how the rest of the project is up to them and that he or she is just a resource if needed. The first thing that usually happens within the group is the initial leader will become primarily a reporter. The leadership role will bounce around within the team based on the task at hand. Soon QA developers will be learning how requirements are done and will be actively contributing, and requirements people will be seeing things from a QA point of view. As work is done in each of the phases, all the team learns and contributes, no work is done alone, the team is behind everything. From the initial meeting, the finished product is being developed. Someone can be writing code, working on functional specifications, and designing all at once. It is not unusual if the team cleans the slate numerous times, to make room for new ways while disregarding old practices as they prove useless. The team should become autonomous, and will tend to transcend the initial goals, striving for excellence. The people on the team will become committed to accomplish the goal and some members may exp erience emotional pain when the project is completed. Scrum works because of the basic premise is that if you are committed to the team and the project, and if your boss really trusts you, then you can spend time being productive instead of justifying your work. This reduces the need for meetings, reporting and authorization. There is control, but it is subtle and mostly indirect. It is exercised by selecting the right people, creating an open work environment, encouraging feedback, establishing an evaluation and reward program based on group performance, managing the tendency to go off in different directions early on, and tolerating mistakes. Every person on the team starts with an understanding of the problem, associates it with a range of solutions experienced and studied, then using skill, intelligence, and experience, will narrow the range to one or a few options. Research Papers on "SCRUM - An Agile Process" - Information Systems EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Hockey GameResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Causes of social fragmentation and participatory art

Causes of social fragmentation and participatory art Outline1 Causes of societal atomization and participatory art1.0.1 Chapter one1.0.2 The Causes of Social Fragmentation1.0.3 Chapter Two1.0.4 Guy Debord and His Concept of The Society of Spectacle 1.0.5 Chapter Three1.0.6 Participatory Art Causes of societal atomization and participatory art Chapter one The Causes of Social Fragmentation Since the beginning of the 20th century, particularly under the government of late capitalist economy, some of the artistic groups expressed their concerns over the sprawling society prosecuting their pattern to react to it. Before I look at those artistic responses in the undermentioned chapters, in this chapter I will be reexamining the primary causes of the altering inter-human dealingss within society. The Fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and a twosome of old ages subsequently the reported End of the Cold War in 1991, was merely a beginning of a new epoch of neoliberalism or in other words an unrestrained type of capitalist economy. A brief definition of neoliberalism gives Elizabeth Marinez and Arnoldo Garcia on Global Exchange web site. They pick out five chief points: The regulation of the market, Cuting public outgo for societal services, Deregulation, Privatization and Extinguishing the construct of the public good or community . The focal point of all these affairs is the favourable conditions for concerns, minimising the authorities controls in order to let a free and efficient market place, nevertheless at the same clip it worked largely against the on the job category people because of the reduced societal security including subsidisation. Finally people were forced to take individual duty as an exigency to last. Former Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher speaking to Wo men s Own magazine ( October 31 1987 ) emphasized: There is no such thing as society . A ; lt ; Deer, 1988 A ; gt ; In other words the denial of society s being turns us into persons constrained to run in private infinite being responsible for our ain public assistance. Less and less duty for people s societal security leads to the authorities leveling the welfare province , which was a proviso of services and security by the province, and a warrant of minimal criterions including minimal income A ; lt ; An Introduction to Social Policy A ; gt ; . These altering ordinances within the authorities and the earlier mentioned phenomenon of the twentieth century like denationalization have contributed tremendously to the turning gulf between people by pressing competition. This started to boom progressively because of the mounting figure of privatized companies and multi-national spread corporations, free endeavors and concerns within the boundaries of the western universe. This in clination automatically disregarded the jurisprudence of equality thereby spliting people into peculiar societal groups. All these procedures became the stimulation to the formation of consumer society, reconstituting the focal point from production to ingestion. In the capitalist economic system ware became the driving force to society thereby accomplishing the entire business of societal life ( Bourriaud, 2002:113 ) . These economic alterations less existent goods produced, more promises made through progressively sophisticated advertisement and the deceasing pant of capitalist economy are the real roots of postmodernism and its attendant thoughts, suggest the Marxist econo-historians . A ; lt ; Mizrach A ; gt ; Whereas despite the booming economic system of the strongest states, prosperity of the international corporations so the fluxing wealth to the art universe excessively the greatest consequence on art has non been on its economic system but its rhetoric ( Stallabrass, 2004:9 ) . This meant that some cultural barriers fell down every bit good. Increase of looking biennials, art event s, new modern-day art museums showed the influence of planetary alterations and disturbance. However, the activities of these museums became steadily more commercial as they adopted corporate ideals, set uping confederations with concern, conveying their merchandises closer to commercial civilization . ( 2004:10 ) It shows that our cultural, societal, economical and political life is intertwined every bit good as dependent upon each other. The fact of neglecting Democracy shows English economic expert and professor Noreena Herzt placing it as: societal unfairness, inequality and power dissymmetries , ( 2002:271 ) nevertheless the cause of the degrading society lies in the power of pull offing the society as a marionette which lacks its liberty being manipulated by others. A philosopher and author Raoul Vaneigem put it, the infinite of mundane life is encircled by every signifier of conditioning ( cited in Gardiner, 2000:107 ) , he continues, one of those steps is the trade good the venue of societal control ( p.108 ) . Stephen Willats calls it a society as a sort of inert natural stuff to be diversely processed and regulated both spatially and ideologically . ( cited in Kester, 2004:91 ) In stating this he distinguishes the communities treated as the passive or the invertebrate. Normally the duty for all these actions is carried by the province, the bureaucratic setup. However increasing corruptness is beside s the cause of Democracy failure. Hertz giving the illustration of increasing corruptness within the State organic structures disclaims the governor s power as to the full working. Today altruists are acute to donate to assorted causes but normally with the purpose to hold an influence all over the universe. Finally the authorities does non interfere in this affair as it used to be seen as stepping in to control their power ( 2001:206 ) . Therefore it is non surprising that the common people have even less power to do an impact. No admiration that the definitions: Government by the people, exercised either straight or through elected representatives and The common people, considered as the primary beginning of political power As ; lt ; The Free Dictionary A ; gt ; can be barely considered as still holding the same significance today. Apparently this transitional clip from one period to another, the displacement from Industrialism to Information Age, made an tremendous impact on the political, economic and societal clime. This displacement was the ground for non merely the antecedently discussed causes like neoliberalism or consumerism taking to the societal atomization and disaffection but besides the followers. The true footing of postmodern idea is the displacement to a post-industrial economic system. Many postmodernists would hold, proposing that in the new economic system, service and information will be more of import trade goods than goods or labour power in the new information society amp ; lt ; Mizrach A ; gt ; . Another factor impacting the societal battle is mentioned in this accent by Mizrach promoting the importance of being able to understand and do out a new environment, where the laterality of the information undisputedly is important in order non to fall behind by traveling manus in baseball mitt with the new technological accomplishment leting it to run the new information flow, as without information this endurance will non be possible. However art critic Nicolas Bourriaud speaking about the development of communicating tools every bit good as the mechanisation of societal maps Markss it as a weak nexus in societal exchanges, about replacing them. He gives common illustrations such as automated telephone services replacing the human voice, hard currency machines non necessitating human interaction for money dealing undertakings. ( 2002 ) This lone illustrates the non-stopping advancement in engineering development, in some facets to the hurt of world, finally turning against the adult male himself despite the great part for illustration to medicate and scientific discipline. Noreena Hertz in the Silent Takeover ( 2002 ) proves the fact, that engineering has facilitated a production procedure by contriving fabrication. In other words this is a exchanging from handcraft to high-tech. Indeed technological progresss have allowed machines to replace people ( p.61 ) . However there is concern if the same engineerings are replacing the human relationship excessively, in such a manner exposing the battle of our society. It is non a new thought but instead the on-going issue of the technological invasion into our lives, which is replacing non merely our existent demands but besides our existent values. Michael and Diane Medved present the flooring fact in the book Salvaging Childhood ( 1999 ) : The mean American kid will pass more clip watching Television by the age of 5 than they will pass speaking to their male parent in their life-time ( p.19 ) , which means the continuously turning withdrawal of kids from their parents. Unwittingly possible relationships are being superseded by engineering. Another illustration of human interaction being replaced through engineering is a good known eating house Inamo in Soho, which is sole because of a de-personalised procedure of telling nutrient. The synergistic system does everything for the server in relation to taking the orders. Apparently full of exhilaration clients enjoy taking the control into their custodies. However in the terminal there is a lost connexion in communicating between client and forces. This is an indicant of the enormously spread outing intercession of engineering into our mundane life, which is making disaffection by weakening the human relationships. This is one of the conducive factors for Bourriaud, whose thoughts will be explored in the following chapters in more item. Looking at these the illustrations we see that today engineering undisputedly is one of the tools that patterns our lives. Another instance of societal concern and a effect of engineering ingestion occurs non merely every bit physical force, but instead the electronic aggression As ; lt ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) A ; gt ; spread in practical infinite, where young persons utilizing new communicating avenues such as text messaging, chat suites, and societal networking web sites, can pull strings their namelessness and go against their equals. Youth can utilize electronic media to abash, harass or endanger them amp ; lt ; CDC A ; gt ; . The purpose of the force against others frequently arises from a antecedently experienced clang with force, no affair what beginning it comes from, whether it be a video game, cyberspace or media. Research workers in their work The influence of media force on young person confirm that a assortment of violent media is c ome ining the place and ask foring the active engagement of immature kids frequently with small parental supervising amp ; lt ; Anderson et al. , 2003:105 A ; gt ; . Finally as a consequence it permits media force to be seen as one of the complex influences on the behaviour of kids and young person amp ; lt ; 2003:105 A ; gt ; . These manifestations of force reveal a harmful atmosphere in the societal clime lifting from societal atomization. READ: The Internal Control Weaknesses At Enron Accounting EssaySupporting the fact that force is quickly perforating into our relationships, art critic Grant Kester defines it as a inquiry herewith seeking the solution to the job: How do we cut down the force and hatred that have so frequently pronounced human societal interactions? . ( 2004:152 ) Immediately for a philosopher Gilles Deleuze this inquiry is straight related to procedures of representation ( of ego to other, of the person to the group, of image to object . ( cited in Kester, p.152 ) Supporting that Claire Bishop discoursing Nicolas Bourriaud theories summarizes that all representation refers to values that can be transposed into society . ( 2006:162 ) . Stating this Bishop asserts that no affair what we are stand foring, it will convey whether bad or good values which can be exposed to others. Therefore the following chapters will be discoursing whether art can be that powerful tool capable to works it s mora lss into society and if it can decide the societal issues spread within society by declining the tactics of prohibition but instead altering the established theoretical accounts, criterions and values through the act of stand foring art as the theoretical account, besides measuring whether Deleuze s long-standing involvement in the curative power of art is considered to be right ( cited in Kester, p.152 ) Chapter Two Guy Debord and His Concept of The Society of Spectacle At the clip of post-war capitalist economy, knocking the modern society had formed the politico-cultural organisation known as Situationist International operational between 1957-1972. The outgrowth of such organisations shows the cogency of the bing issues within civilization. Situationists focused on review of Western civilization as being the beginning of disaffection, isolation and atomization within society. Their end was the creative activity of non-alienated situations exterior of the power construction of consumer capitalist economy . ( Gardiner, 2000:107 ) In other words, they strongly believed in the potency of non-hierarchical and non-alienated society, which is contrary to deeply frozen capital society. They aimed to accomplish an authentic being through the constitution of non-commodified societal dealingss, thereby get the better ofing the disaffections and passivenesss induced by modern consumer capitalist economy . ( p.103 ) They believed that through Cultural R evolution the every twenty-four hours life can be changed as consumer capitalist economy was busying the topographic point of societal life. Every revolution is a far-reaching and drastic alteration, particularly in thoughts, methods . A ; lt ; The Free Dictionary A ; gt ; However those revolutions can get down in the institutional infinite conveying different attitudes and doing statements. Some of the undertakings of that epoch are rather controversial, utilizing drastic steps to make the populace s attending. Like the collaborative undertaking Imponderabilia ( 1977, fig.1, fig.2 ) by the creative persons Marina AbromoviA†¡ and Ulay. Albeit uncomfortable, because of the nudity throughout the public presentation, it was impossible to acquire in without avoiding physical engagement. However the purpose of this undertaking was interpersonal relationships every bit good as the involvement in the organic structure and gender. The scenario of the undertaking was: two bare creative persons are confronting each other at a distance so museum visitants had to go through by taking which of the creative persons to face. Everyone willing to come in has to get the better of this uncomfortableness therefore no 1 stays inactive. Once they passed through, they realized that they had been filmed. Further, they were confronted with this text on the wall: Imponderable. Such impondera ble human factors as one s aesthetic sensitiveness / the overruling importance of imponderables in finding human behavior. Ironically, the docudramas of the public presentation show that most of the visitants faced the adult female. The inquiry arose, was it because the adult female and her female signifier is unconsciously more apprehended, or instead, the dorsum is turned to the adult male non because he is thankless but that he is the stronger sex, non to be challenged. Therefore he is to be avoided, without eye-to-eye contact to the point of turning one s dorsum. These inquiries of domination, categories and gender advantage are all portion of our society concerns. One of the ways to throw off some Stereotypes, is the preparedness of the creative persons to predate their stray, elevated, privileged place in relation to the audience ( Fieling et al. , 2008:27 ) . Fluxus was one of those motions holding the end of uniting the spectator and the creative person, such as an act of a Fluxus undertaking like Cut Piece ( 1964, fig.3 ) , foremost performed in 1964 by creative person Yoko Ono. The creative person herself says that the thought was based on a Buddhist fable, in which Buddha forfeits. In this event it juxtaposes to the scarification of the writing, absorbing the writer as equal to participant. Motionless place, allowing the robe to be cut piece by piece about until the performer becomes nude is like disdain or disapprobation of the performing artist herself to be executed for the interest of the originative procedure affecting the audience. Undoubtedly the distance between the participant and the performing artist is really close and conf idant, therefore it creates a tenseness and an awkward temper, as the work is open-ended without cognizing the intended bends of the participator. However this occurrence is reciprocally liberating and destructing the barriers estranging people. Obviously one of the effects refering to disaffection was widely discussed by Karl Marx in his Theory of Alienation ( 1844 ) . His apprehension of disaffection was grounded in the stuff universe, where the representative of the Situationist International, art critic, Guy Debord even more exacerbates from the position of the last age modern-day by utilizing the construct of Spectacle in his analysis The Society of Spectacle ( 1967 ) . He emphasized the open significance of the universe phase for Spectacle after production was superseded by ingestion. It is no surprise that this procedure is affecting trade good, media, advertizement which replaces human relationships, active engagement, or as Debord calls it lived experience ( cited in Gardiner, 2000:107 ) , so change overing society into a spread and anomic universe, where the experience of human dealingss are non immediately conveyed any more, the focal point is concentrated on philistinism, where society is kept under control o f pseudo-need, pseudo-enjoyment, pseudo-response. Judy Cox pinpoints that the mass production has a mark continually to seek to make new demands . ( 1998 ) Gardiner asserts: when the economic system dominates all societal life, the formation of reliable human demands is replaced by manufactured pseudo-needs , ( p.109 ) chiefly through the mass media and advertizement, thereby incarcerating people in the semblance universe, where the rhythm of eternal ingestion requires that all leisure and mundane clip be commodified and manipulated . ( p.109 ) At that clip the Brazilian creative person Helio Oiticica tried to unite leisure and creative activity in the early installing graphicss Tropicalia, Penetrables PN 2 Purity is a myth and PN 3 Imagetical ( 1966-7, fig.4 ) and Eden ( 1969, fig.5 ) . The purpose was the meeting of the boundaries between art and mundane life promoting the audience to take part in the environment making a multisensoral experience. The Tropicalistas ( the creative persons of the art motion lasted for a few old ages ) established an anti-art which was non focused on representation and the object but on making state of affairss and contexts for corporate behavioural experiments ( Kunsthallewien website ) . The mixed-media installing Tropicalia consisted of sand covering the art infinite floor, cabins, tropical programs, live birds and a telecasting interpreting the vocalists sing themselves as portion of the motion. The name itself associates with energ Y, refreshment, and the alien. The infinite to walk through was portion of the pleasance in sharp spectacle . ( Kunsthalle Wien ) In the inhibitory clip of Brazilian history it was fresh air to cultural life. The consequence of active coaction was so strong that the piece of art was an inspiration to the beginning of Tropicalism. However returning to the work, it created the pseudo-reality like Debord would state, which did non be but made an impact on the farther procedure of the state s rich cultural diverseness. Oscar Wilde speaking about modernness said art does non copy life ; life imitates art ( cited in Bishop, 2006:169 ) . This expressly applies to this undertaking. READ: Tuesdays With Morrie EssayHowever as society has confused the existent values in the context where being is equated with having under consumer capitalist economy ( Gardiner, 2000:110 ) . Art is non without a ground. Often it can make more than we can conceive of through the small appreciation of micro-utopias experienced in the graphicss altering the forms of our lives. Chapter Three Participatory Art German author Walter Benjamin has said: The work of art should actively step in in and supply a theoretical account for leting viewing audiences to be involved in the procedure of production: this setup is better, the more consumer it is able to turn into manufacturers that is, the more readers or witnesss into confederates . ( cited in Bishop, 2004:12 ) This is what most of participatory art is endeavoring to make. But the inquiry arises as to if art can move, like the Freudian metaphor would show, as the therapist ( Gardiner, 2000:120 ) which was used to qualify the curative activities of Situationists. Therefore this chapter will be looking at the different attacks in participatory art and if art can be the manner of work outing societal issues. A really interesting contemplation is raised by Felix Guattari a Gallic institutional clinical psychologist and philosopher: the merely acceptable end of human activities is the production of a subjectiveness that invariably self-enriches its relationship with the universe . ( cited in Bishop, 2006:169 ) . The thought has found favour with modern-day creative persons who create and set-up life forms with different tracts instead than peculiar objects, therefore they use clip as a natural stuff where administrative officials alternatively are handling the communities as a natural stuff ( Kester, 2004 ) . No uncertainty this comparing shows the contrast between the different attacks. Here modern-day art patterns suggest the production of subjectiveness as the chiefly facet to animate the lost entirety in a corporate effort ( Bishop, 2006:169 ) whereas the province as opposed to the creative person is absorbing the community to an homogeneous and inactive or even unvoiced status whic h has to be regulated by the province. By looking at this contrast, a adult male is seen as a topic or as an object depending on, who s manus holds the tool. Two different establishments two different perceptual experiences of the human-being. For this ground merger can be considered simply as implementing therefore it remains as a construct of micro-utopia in art. The undertaking 7000 Oaks for Documenta 7 ( 1982-87, fig.6 ) by Joseph Beuys is a good illustration of a societal sculpture to be participatory. This undertaking had been started with the purpose non to be ended for the ecological and green intents. However the usage of a tree in this undertaking I find more symbolic than actual. A tree itself has symbolic significance, particularly the oak tree for illustration, the oak is the mightiest of trees and symbolizes strength, bravery fulfilment amp ; lt ; Living Arts Originals A ; gt ; . However solidness and illustriousness as the characteristics of the tree may go evident merely after clip, as the tree grows, so certain procedures require clip until it consolidates. Therefore in this undertaking clip instead than the object is used as a natural stuff for a community to beef up societal connexions utilizing the planting of the oak tree as a tool merely. This undertaking is aimed more at assemblage people together for the intent, which amalgamates the people. Therefore to follow aspirations, the stability to non halt planting trees is really of import. This analogue shows that a certain aim has a manner of conveying people together, even if it entreaties merely to one group of people like Greens . Finally Joseph Beuys says: The context of art offers advantages when action involves besieging societal and bureaucratic hierarchies . ( cited in Kester, 2004:101 ) He confirms the fact of the inability of art to be to the full working without declining the appropriate governments. Supporting the thought which is raised by Beuys, creative person Rirkrit Tiravanija exposes this place by put ining his work Untitled ( tomorrow is another twenty-four hours ) ( 1997, fig.7, fig.8 ) into the gallery infinite. The scene of his ain flat in New York suggests that visitants to the gallery be involved into ritual plant we do everyday like cookery, rinsing, hanging out in the life room etc. Tiravanija himself asserts this as the alone combination of art and life offered an impressive experience of togetherness to everybody ( cited in Bishop, 2005:118 ) in a non-hierarchical sense. His other plants besides have similar subjects: parallel infinites to the environments of our day-to-day life. Cafes and dining suites tend to be with the ruling subject of inclusion into societal activities. It is like an effort to defy or as Beuys says circumvent the societal hierarchies or castes of the deep-seated system of capitalist economy by ask foring to trip the audience in engagement, in the whole procedure of the creative activity, whereas Kester identifies that as incarnations of art s power to exceed institutional and cultural boundaries and to make a Utopian infinite of free and unfastened exchange . ( p.105 ) One of such undertakings was implemented by the creative person Jay Koh within two months in 1995-6 in Thailand. His purpose to utilize art as an cosmopolitan linguistic communication ( Kester, 2004:104 ) in cultural exchanges was successfully fulfilled as a undertaking called Excha nging Thought. ( fig.9 ) In order for the thought of cross-cultural to work there is necessary to admit the bing differences sing the political and societal context. ( p.104 ) Continuing on from this undertaking, the thought was to give the graphicss of assorted international creative persons in exchange for the things and objects brought by townsfolk of Chiang Mai in a market place, therefore a strategic construct of duologue was interrupting different attitudes and traverse cultural barriers utilizing the professionals and the people dialoging on a one-on-one footing as dialogical art is non merely ocular but besides aural and haptic . ( p.189 ) In other words it is similar physical experience in all the senses. Since art is no longer a narrative for art history to discourse the issues through the position of the objects, modern-day art is to make with synergistic, user-friendly and relational constructs ( Bourriaud, 2002:8 ) . Some of the illustrations of such work are art installings by Cuban creative person Felix Gonzalez-Torres. The graphics Untitled ( Placebo ) ( 1991, fig.10 ) invites the spectator to pick up some Sweets off the floor covered by them, so prosecuting the audience to take part. The same creative person allows the witness freely to assist themselves taking postings with them off the paper tonss in his work Untitled ( 1989-90, fig.11 ) . Stallabrass calls this democratic ideal , where the audience plays an of import function holding the voice for the valuable part in footings of its ideas and actions over the creative person. Nicolas Bourriaud claims that art that encourages societal interactions is human and democratic nevertheless Stallabrass asserts that democracy b ing merely in art is a serious job, he prolongs: Governments hope that socially synergistic art will move as dressing for the grave lesions. ( 2004:123 ) , This statement of the willingness to implement democracy through art is the first indicant of the deficiency of democracy in our every twenty-four hours environment. Continuing on with the democratic graphicss, one of the earlier mentioned illustrations is the art installing of Tiravanija s flat which is conceived as political because of an thought of democracy , ( Bish op, 2005:119 ) which is seen in most of his plants, capable of manufacturing relationships. However Bishop argues against this construct as recent political theoreticians have shown that inclusiveness does non automatically compare with democracy: alternatively, the populace domain remains democratic merely in so far as its naturalized exclusions are taken into history and made unfastened to controversy . ( Bishop, 2005:119 ) This means that democracy is exposed merely when the oppositional attitudes are brought into treatment. Mentioning back to the already mentioned Koh s observation of the recognition of the bing differences, this can besides be the beginning of democratic dealingss between persons and cross-cultures. However the phenomenon of argument vanishes in Tiravanija s work as the work speaks merely to a community whose members have something in common: an involvement in art or free nutrient, continued Bishop ( p.119 ) . Apparently conveying different categories into t he gallery infinite such as the hapless and the intelligent individual, does non needfully take to arbitrary argument for the bing differences. Kester raises a different facet for the statement against Bourriaurd s thesis, speaking about Tiravanija s flat reconstructed in the Kolnischer Kunstverein. He argues for the institutional-transgress work as the menace for the establishment because of stateless people who cluster around the gallery. Udo Kittelmann supports the contradiction by doing a comment about the earlier mentioned Tiravanija s work. The frights of the desolation of art-space where the infinite is inhabited did non turn out but the infinite lost its institutional map and eventually turned into a free societal infinite ( cited in Bishop, p.119 ) . Again it is contradictory to the thesis of Bourriaud who upholds the thought of this art being human and democratic ( Stallabras, 2004:121 ) . This statement shows that today good established institutional infinite and strongly prevailing hierarchal society are acknowledging alterations really reluctantly. Looking at the different undertakings in this chapter it is seen how artists attack and respond to todays environment.

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Why Did Vietminh and NLF Win the Vietnam War - Essay Example Unfortunately, the Vietnamese side of the conflict is persistently disregarded. Why and how the Vietminh and National Liberation won the Vietnam War remains obscured from the public. Nevertheless, the success of the Vietminh and the NLF during the Vietnam War can hardly be overestimated. The party and the Liberation Front greatly contributed to the success of the political and military operations against the United States. That the Communists won the Vietnam War was both remarkable and unbelievable: active propaganda, local support, sophisticated military strategies and the undisputable leadership capacity of Ho Chi Minh altogether laid the groundwork for advancing the victory of the Communists during the Vietnam War. It should be noted, that the fact of the Communist victory during the Vietnam War remains one of the most remarkable elements of modern history. Needless to say, before and even during the Vietnam conflict, the United States could not even suspect that the Vietnamese co mmunists would have a chance to outperform Americans, in all senses. Andrew Jon Rotter writes that â€Å"the most significant fact about the Vietnam conflict is not that the United States lost but that the Communists won† (180). In this sense, the most confusing is the fact that the main factors responsible for the Communists’ victory during the Vietnam War often remain beyond the scope of historical analyses. One possible reason is that, for many years, the United States did not want to shed light on the Vietnam War controversies that could affect its political image. It is also possible that more than one factor was responsible for the Communists’ victory, making the overall historical analysis extremely complicated. It is widely established that not the errors made by the United States in Vietnam but the actions made by Washington’s adversaries in Hanoi were at the heart of the Communists’ military and political achievements in Vietnam (Rotter 1 80). From the very beginning to the very end of the war, an interplay of factors created conditions needed to support Vietnam in its fight against the U.S. These factors included political propaganda, local support, effective military strategies, and the unprecedented authority and leadership of Ho Chi Minh. Historically, the Vietminh was created by one of the most outstanding Vietnamese leaders, Ho Chi Minh, in 1945 (Spartacus International). Later, in 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF) was established (Moise). It is interesting, that the NLF was initially established with the goal of leading the guerilla against Vietnam’s Prime Minister Diem (Moise). South Vietnamese professionals, including artists, youth leaders and peasants, organized the NLF (Levy 19). At that time, the growing corruption in the country and the lack of positive political and economic changes raised the wave of public dissatisfaction with the prime minister’s actions and decisions. That was also the time when the NLF could not yet anticipate that it would play a crucial role in the Communists’ victory over the U.S. Political propaganda became one of the most important factors driving the NLF’s popularity and the public opposition to the actions of the U.S. in Vietnam. It is no secret that the NLF propagandists were well trained to work with the local population. Propaganda schools were scattered widely across the Southern regions of Vietnam, which helped to spread the NLF’s ideology against the United States (Friedman). The public messages sent to the local people were full of optimist about the future victory over the

Managing Homeland Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Homeland Security - Essay Example I will be working with the city planners and commission to evaluate the existing zoning laws and building codes. We will work with the local and state law enforcement agencies to analyze any potential for man made threats. As risks are encountered, I will work with the appropriate agency or department to resolve any budgetary concerns that are needed to take corrective action. As we work to reduce the risk and minimize the impact, we will also be preparing for a disaster should one strike. We will work with FEMA to draw up an appropriate response plan, and coordinate getting key people the necessary training that they may require. We will also develop a communications system and contact list so that we will be prepared to communicate with the appropriate local, state, or federal agencies and people as needed. We will be appointing numerous emergency planners in the major institutions and organizations in the community that we can coordinate our activity with in the event of an emergency. This will include the public utilities, hospitals, highway department, and public transportation. We will also work with local, state, and federal officials to assure that the city has the necessary resources needed during a disaster. This includes hospital supplies, fuel, and critical survival materials. In the event of an emergency or disaster, our department will coordinate the appropriate level of response. We will be responsible for contacting and monitoring the wide variety of agencies that may be needed. This will vary depending on the type of disaster, but may include fire and rescue, medical personnel, geologists, or the weather bureau. We will have a public information officer that will act as an information liaison between these agencies and the public in an effort to keep the people well informed. The disaster may be able to be handled locally, or may involve FEMA or specialized hazardous materials personnel. We will work with the public utilities to resolve issues with the gas and electric supply. We will also work with public transportation and the highway patrol in the event that an evacuation is needed. As the damage is assessed after the emergency, this department will begin to work to restore the city and its infrastructure. We will work with state and federal agencies in regards to funding and the availability of material resources. Some things may be able to be restored immediately, such as utilities, but other projects may be longer term, and managed by state or federal agencies. Temporary housing may be needed, as well as day-to-day supplies to maintain our daily life. While this department does not directly perform these functions, we assure the correct agency is responding appropriately. 2.) One of my first acts as the Emergency Management Coordinator would be to form an Emergency Planning Committee by selecting some key members from the police department, fire department, and the hospitals, as well as other agencies and organizations. I would then work with the committee to draw up an emergency response plan that outlined the roles of the various agencies in the event of an emergency. One of our first duties would be to create a contact list and a communications plan. I would